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Grayscale has selected blockchain infrastructure⢠provider Figment to power⣠staking across it’s Ethereumâ and Solana funds, as the asset âmanager rolls out what it calls the first U.S. âstaking capability for regulated âdigital-asset⤠ETPs.⤠The partnership is designed âto boost yield potential for⣠investors while preserving institutional-grade custody and compliance, marking a step toward integrating on-chain rewards into mainstream,⢠exchange-traded crypto products.
Grayscale âŁselects Figment toâ power staking in Ethereum âand âSolana funds
Grayscale’s move to work with Figment underscores a broader institutional⣠shift toward extracting on-chain yieldâ from proof-of-stake networks whileâ maintaining âcompliance and operational rigor. Inâ practice,⤠staking in ⤠Ethereum and Solana channels native block rewards and fee revenue â˘to validators who provide security and liveness; enterprise⣠operators like âFigment focus âonâ highâ validator uptime, robust monitoring, and slashing â˘safeguards to minimize downtimeâ and operational loss. For Ethereum, the post-Shapella surroundings enables full âŁand partial withdrawals, but an exit queue can lengthen during periods of â¤elevated churn; on Solana,â stake activationâ and deactivationâ follow network epochs that settleâ roughly every few days, shaping liquidity timing. From⤠a portfolio construction lens, this introduces a total-return profile where native token⤠rewards complement price performance-an appealing attribute as Bitcoin market cycles, ETF flows, and macro rates influence crypto risk âappetite. Yet the trade-offs are real: validator ⢠centralization risks, MEV policy choices, and jurisdictional rules on staking-as-a-service can impact both realized yield⢠and compliance outcomes.
For investors, the operational nuances âŁmatter as much as â¤headline APYs. Staking rewards âare variableâ and⢠path-dependent-sensitive to networkâ participation, fee markets, and validator behavior-so due diligence shoudl extend beyond expected percentages to⣠how yieldâ is generated and âŁsafeguarded. Moreover,⣠in multi-asset portfolios that include â BTC, âŁstaking can â˘diversify âŁreturn drivers; though, during phases of rising BTCâ dominance,⣠ETH/SOL â¤may underperform on â¤price even as staking continues to â˘accrue. To navigate this, âconsider the following checks that âŁscale from newcomer needs to âexpert-level controls:
- Counterparty and custody: Confirm âwhether stakingâ is⣠non-custodial or via qualified custody, how keys are managed (e.g., MPC), and what happens in⣠the event â¤of validator downtime.
- Slashing and insurance: Review âŁdouble-signing protections, slashing⢠track âŁrecord, and whether any insurance or coverage exists for adverse events.
- MEV policy: Understand if and how MEV is captured and distributed, and whether policies prioritize decentralization, censorship resistance, and⤠client⤠diversity.
- Liquidity timing: Map Ethereum withdrawal queues ⣠(which can extend in stress) and Solana epoch schedulesâ to your liquidity needs; plan accordingly for reallocation or risk-off moves.
- Tax â¤and accounting:⢠Determine recognition of staking rewards (income vs. capital), NAV treatment in funds, and reporting cadence.
- On-chain concentration:⤠Monitor validator and stake concentration to avoid centralization risk;â diversify across operators â˘and geographies âŁwhere possible.
As institutional staking adoption expands, the⣠possibility lies in disciplined execution: pairing Bitcoin’s â proof-of-work scarcity with yield-bearing PoS exposure, while continuously stress-testing operational, liquidity, and regulatory assumptions against evolving â¤market conditions.
Regulated⢠yield focus with custody controls slashing insurance and MEVâ neutrality
Regulated yield in crypto increasingly means pairing on-chain income with institutional-grade custody controls, auditability, âand transparent âriskâ transfer. â˘On proofâofâstake networks, gross staking rates⣠typically range from ~3-5% APR for Ethereum and ~5-8%⣠APY for Solana, before validator commissions andâ provider fees; ânet â˘returns vary with client âŁconfiguration, downtime, and fee policies. The institutionalization of this modelâ accelerated as majorâ issuers moved toâ enterprise operators-evidenced by reports that Grayscale âselected Figment to âpower staking in certain Ethereum⤠and Solana funds-signaling âdemand for regulated yield pipelines that meet fund governance and SOC 2 Type II requirements. For investors, the focus⣠is less on headline APR and more on operational safeguards that protect principal âand prove entitlement to rewards, including:
- Custody controls: segregated⢠cold storage or MPC âŁwith policy engines, withdrawal allowlists, timeâlocks, and dual-approval workflows⣠for validator â˘key management.
- Attestations: â autonomous audits, âproofâofâreserves/solvency attestations, and realâtime monitoring of validator performance and reward attribution.
- Slashing insurance: explicit coverage for â¤doubleâsigning and correlated faults; verify triggers, exclusions, and perâasset⤠subâlimits. Isolated slashing events have historically been small (often low singleâdigit percent of stake), but correlation risk can amplify losses.
- Fee transparency: â clear breakdown of provider commissions (commonlyâ 5-15%), custody fees, and any performance or exit fees that affect ânet yield.
Alongside yield, MEV âneutrality has become a â¤core policy âchoice âfor validators âand custodialâ staking platforms. on Ethereum,MEVâBoost â¤and ⢠PBS â (ProposerâBuilder Separation) can improve revenues but introduce ethical and regulatory â¤tradeâoffs: relays and builders may shape âorder flow,and⤠strategies like sandwiching can extract â˘value âfrom â˘users. Mature providers are formalizing â¤neutral practices-such as fair ordering and antiâsandwich protections-while maintaining compliance.On bitcoin, while MEV is more limited,â miners and pools still face âchoices â¤aroundâ feeâmaximizing mempool policies versus transaction neutrality, especially during congestion. For â˘both newcomers and⣠advanced operators, practical steps include:
- Relay and client diversification: use multiple nonâcensoring relays where permitted and maintain diverse client âstacksâ (e.g., Lighthouse, Prysm, â¤Teku, Nimbus) to reduce correlated failure risk.
- Documented â˘MEV âpolicies: publish inclusion/exclusion criteria, optâouts for toxic MEV, and⤠metrics on orderflow handling; prefer providers that report MEV uplift and user impact separately.
- Key governance: â enforce withdrawal address controls, operator rotation procedures, and jurisdictional separation of key shards to align withâ fund mandates.
- Risk budgeting: size positions so that potential slashing + MEV variance stays within portfolio drawdown limits; stressâtest for relay outages and chain reorgs.
For Bitcoin holders seeking âyield without staking,⤠consider regulated alternatives-such as coveredâcall strategies in compliant funds or shortâduration Tâbillâbacked structures-whileâ weighing counterparty⤠and rehypothecationâ risks. Across chains, the throughline is the âŁsame: prioritize controls, coverage, and neutrality âover âraw percentage points, and demand transparent, auditable processes that convert onâchain mechanics into institutionâgrade,â regulatorâready âincome streams.
Fee⢠design and validator performance â¤expected to shape net returns for ETP holders
For crypto exchange-traded products, theâ gap⤠between gross and net â¤performance is increasingly determinedâ by fee design and operational frictions across the⢠underlying blockchain.on the fee side, investors should look beyond the headline expense ratio to âŁunderstand all-in costs, including custody, creation/redemption, and any reward-sharing or “staking commission” policies in nonâbitcoin exposures. In Bitcoin⣠ETPs, âwhere there is âŁno staking yield, fee â¤drag is especially â˘salient: U.S. spot Bitcoin funds âcurrently range from roughly 0.19% to 1.50% in annual sponsor fees, a spread that can exceed typical yearly tracking differences. Structure also matters. Products that support in-kind creation/redemption tend to reduce trading slippage âand taxes compared with cash creates, âŁimproving tracking difference during volatile orderbooks or when on-chain fees spike-conditions seen around⣠halving and inscription-driven congestion.Outside⤠the U.S., several Ethereum and Solana ETPs share⢠staking rewards â¤with holders; here, the fee stack includes both the âfund’s management⢠fee and any staking fee split retained by the manager âor validator. Small differences compound: forâ exmaple, a 0.75%⢠higher⢠sponsor fee on a Bitcoin ETP erodes return by 75 bps annually, while in a stakingâ ETPâ a 15-25% take-rate on â˘rewards âcanâ reduce investor⣠yield by a âsimilar order of âmagnitude.
- Scrutinize the creation/redemption mechanism (in-kind vs cash) and âthe fund’s historical tracking difference to spot hidden costs.
- For staking ETPs, check the stated reward-sharing policy, the validator fee, and whether MEV â˘revenue is passed through to holders.
- Compareâ custody, insurance, and rehypothecation policies; some mandates prohibit lending or restaking, limiting risk â¤but also foregone yield.
- Note jurisdictional constraints: in the U.S., ETFs generally ⤠do not stake, while several⢠European⣠ETPs do-impacting net yield comparability.
Validator performance introduces another layer of dispersion in Ethereum and⢠Solanaâ ETPs⢠that incorporate staking. Differences in uptime, inclusion/proposal effectiveness, and MEV âŁcapture can⣠move gross rewards by tens of basis points. Recent industry moves-such as asset managers selecting specialist operators⤠like Figment to run validators for ethereum â˘and Solana products-underscore how operator choice âŁand MEV policy shape outcomes; when MEV (e.g.,via PBS on Ethereum or Jito tips on Solana) is shared⣠with the fund,investor APR can rise by 30-100 bps versus baseline execution-only setups. Consider illustrative math: if Ethereum’s gross staking⤠APR is ~3.5-4.0%,a validator â˘with 99% effectiveness âand MEV pass-through â˘of ~0.3% might deliverâ ~3.8-4.3% before fees; after âa 10-20% validator/manager commission âand⤠a 0.35-0.95% fund fee, investor net could land around 2.6-3.6%. On Solana, where gross yields frequently enough printâ in the 6-8% âŁrange depending on inflation and network conditions, downtime or â¤higher validator commissions⣠can shave 50-100 bps, while Jito tip sharing can⣠partially offset that.Risks remain two-sided: slashing events,client concentration among a few validators,or policy shifts (for example,changes to MEV distribution) can all â˘affect realized returns; conversely,improved client âsoftware andâ fee markets â˘may lift validator effectiveness over time. actionably, newcomers âshould âŁfavor funds with transparent validator rosters, âclear MEV/reward-sharing disclosures, and conservative risk controls, while experienced holders can optimize by comparing per-unit net âyield after all fees, monitoring validator effectiveness dashboards, and reassessing providers⢠asâ network âconditions and⢠regulations evolve.
Liquidity management plan â¤for unbonding periods to protect creations and redemptions
unbonding windows ⤠on proof-of-stake networks introduce a timing mismatch between on-chain liquidity andâ fund creation/redemption cycles, â¤requiringâ a disciplined treasury playbook thatâ spans Bitcoin and multi-chain exposure.â While Bitcoin positions settle based on⣠block confirmations and âŁnetwork fees (with typical finality achieved after ~6⢠blocks), staked assets onâ networks such as Solana (epoch-based,⤠~2-3 days) and ecosystems like Cosmos (~21 days) and Polkadot (~28 days) can be subject toâ unbonding delays and â˘exit queues. ⢠Ethereum withdrawals are governed âby⤠a variable churn and queueâ system that may clear âin â¤hours to days during normal⢠conditions, but can elongate under stress. âin this⤠context, recent⢠institutional âŁmoves-such as reports that Grayscale selected Figment to power staking âin Ethereum and Solana funds-highlight a market shift toward professional validator âoperations, queue analytics, and SLA-driven ⣠withdrawal⤠management.to protect daily liquidity, funds can target a liquidity coverage ratio that âexceeds the 95th-percentile net outflowâ day (e.g., 1.1x-1.5x), with buffers calibrated to regime shifts in flows and volatility. Practical structure â¤often includes tiers that can be mobilized within T+0 â˘to T+3:
- tier 1: cash and cash equivalents (USD, â USDC) sized at 5-15% of staked AUM to absorb routine creations/redemptions;
- Tier â˘2: promptly sellable â˘spot BTC/ETH and top-liquidity pairs across reputable OTC venues and exchanges, sized to the 90th-95th percentile of daily flows;
- Tier 3: liquid staking⤠tokens (LSTs ⤠such as stETH or mSOL) with conservative haircuts (e.g., 1-5%) for âpotential de-peg and âbasis risk,â explicitly governed by hard limits.
Operationally, the plan âŁcombines laddered unstakes-staggered across epochs/validators-to smooth exit-queue exposure, with â derivatives overlays to hedge market beta while capital is locked. For example,funds can pre-hedge expected âcreations with CME⢠Bitcoin and Ether futures or high-liquidity perpetuals,and neutralize exposure as on-chain â˘settlements âclear; similarly,pending redemptions during unbonding⣠can be delta-hedged âŁto keep â¤NAV tracking âŁtight. To⣠reduce NAV dilution,managersâ may deploy swing pricing (e.g., 25-100 bps depending onâ depth and spreads)⣠or in-kind mechanisms, and publish ⤠AP windows (T+0 in-kind,⢠T+1 cash) aligned⣠with network constraints. Transparent guardrails are essential in stress:
- Stress tests against 30-50% weekly outflows, exit-queue elongation on Ethereum, Solana epoch rollovers, and historical LST discounts (e.g., mid-single-digit percent⢠during 2022 liquidity stress);
- Venue risk diversification across regulated futures, top-tier OTC desks, and multiple custodians;⢠daily limits on venue âconcentration and basis exposure;
- Governance and disclosure â of validatorâ policiesâ (MEV, slashingâ coverage), sanctionsâ screening,â and audit trails-notablyâ relevant as âregulators scrutinize⣠staking economics âin fund structures;
- Contingencies â¤such as temporary gates consistent with offering documents, cross-collateralized credit lines for intraday bridging, and pre-approved in-kind redemptions of LSTs or wrapped assets when cash windows tighten.
By integrating institutional stakingâ practices-exemplified by large âmanagers partneringâ with âŁspecialized providers like Figment-with disciplined âbuffers, âhedges, and disclosures, âfunds can protect creations and redemptions across⣠Bitcoin and multi-chain portfolios while âbalancing⢠opportunity andâ risk in today’s âevolving âcrypto market microstructure.
Governance and compliance roadmap including SOC Type Two audits on chain â¤dashboards âŁand independent attestations
Institutional-grade crypto governance ⣠now blends â¤customary assurance frameworks with transparent, on-chain âtelemetry. A robust roadmap anchors around a SOC 2 Type â¤II program that âproves control design and operating effectiveness over a defined periodâ (typically 6-12 months)⤠across Security, Availability, Processing Integrity, Confidentiality,⤠and privacy. For Bitcoin custodians, exchanges, and ETF⤠service providers, this means auditable key management (MPC/multisig with⣠segregation of duties), deterministic wallet reconciliation, incident response SLAs, and change management for node and custody infrastructure. Complementing this, ⣠on-chain âŁdashboards deliver real-time proof points-e.g.,â address-level holdings, Proof of Reserves with Merkle trees or oracle-based attestations, and⤠settlement latency metrics-reducing reliance on self-reported figures. Independent âattestations from qualified firms (SOC⤠2 Typeâ II, ISO/IEC 27001,â and chain-specific ⢠Proof ofâ liabilities ⣠reviews) form a triangulation: auditor-tested controls, cryptographic reserve verification, and live network âdata. Notably, the operational move by large asset managers⣠toward staking infrastructure-illustrated by newsâ that Grayscale selected Figment to power staking in certain Ethereum ⣠and â Solana âfunds-signals rising expectations for institutional controls â¤across the broader ecosystem. While Bitcoin itself does not involve staking, cross-asset âpractices are converging, â˘with investors increasingly expecting Bitcoin service providers âto match the uptime, telemetry, and third-party oversight standards now common in ETH/SOL â˘staking products.
For investors and builders, âthe next phase is â¤about continuous assurance rather than point-in-time PDFs. As spot Bitcoin ETFs, regulated custodians, and âMiCA/SEC/NYDFS oversight raise the âbar, best-in-class programs tie â governance to verifiable data and timely disclosures: board-level riskâ committees, âquarterly control health âreporting,⢠and⤠on-chain proofs anchored to⢠Bitcoin or Ethereum as immutable audit logs. Newcomers should demand plain-English summary attestations and user-verifiable Merkle proofs; experienced users can scrutinize cold-vs-hot wallet ratios, validator/operator policies⣠in multi-asset platforms, and slashing-avoidance procedures where relevant. To operationalize this, prioritize providers that publish attestation cadences (e.g., monthly PoR plus âŁannual SOC 2 Type⤠II), âexpose labeled⤠addresses, and disclose governance key quorum thresholds.In practice, look for the following:
- Control evidence: recent SOC 2 Type II âŁreport (with scope covering custody, wallets, monitoring), and independent Proof ofâ Reserves with client-verifiable Merkle leaf checks.
- Transparent telemetry: on-chain dashboards showing aggregate balances, flow analysis acrossâ exchanges/custodians, and uptime/error budgets for nodes and signing services.
- Risk controls: dual-approval withdrawals, policy âengines limiting address whitelists, and incidentâ disclosures within defined SLAs.
- Cross-asset rigor: where staking is offered (ETH/SOL), clear slashing insurance terms and validator diversity-standards that signal operational maturity benefiting Bitcoin users too.
Risk mitigation recommendationsâ diversifyâ validator operators cap stake per pool and publish⢠slashing and downtime reports
Diversifying validator operators and capping â¤stake per pool â˘are now baseline controls for institutional staking across Ethereum and â Solana, where correlated downtime or software âdefects can âŁimpair rewards and-on Ethereum-trigger slashing.⢠The industry’s caution stems from real incidents: Ethereum experienced two briefâ finality interruptions in May⤠2023 that were mitigated by client diversity, underscoring why no single operator or client implementation should approach the Byzantine thresholds (â33%â for liveness, â66% forâ finality).⤠In âŁpractice,many professional allocators set internal caps âŁof roughly 15-22% per operator âto ensure any outage does not halt âaâ pool or degrade â˘network health.⢠While slashing remains rare on â˘Ethereum (historically⤠a small fraction of a percentâ ofâ all validators), concentration risk is a persistent concern. The recent institutional âmove-Grayscale selecting âFigment to power⢠staking in its Ethereum âand Solana products-illustrates a market preference for multi-operator resilience, formal â SLAs, and verifiable performance histories. For multi-asset investors anchored in Bitcoin’s proof-of-work, the takeaway is analogous: just as mining-pool âcentralization heightens systemic risk, validator concentration can amplify operational and governance risks inâ proof-of-stake ecosystems that increasingly influence crypto liquidity and sentiment.
To raise the bar â¤on transparency, âoperators âand staking pools should publish slashing⢠and downtime reports âwith auditable metrics and clear remediation paths. This aligns âwith rising expectations as regulated products expand globally⣠and U.S. scrutiny⤠of staking-as-a-service persists, while frameworks like the EU’s mica emphasize disclosures and operational controls. Actionable steps include independent monitoring for uptime, â¤missed proposals/attestations, and inclusion delay; â¤disclosure of⤠MEV policies; andâ adoption of DVT (Distributed Validator Technology)⣠to reduce single-operator failure âmodes.⤠on Solana,spreading stake to increase the network’s⤠Nakamoto coefficient and â˘avoiding⢠single hosting providers or geographies âreduces correlated failure risk. Forâ allocators, these controls translate into âbetter risk-adjusted âŁrewards rather âthan⤠headline⢠APYâ alone. The followingâ practices are increasingly standard among institutions and suitable for newcomers using reputable pools:
- Cap concentration: â¤Limit any âŁoperator to â15-22%⣠of a pool’s stake;â diversify across geographies, âdata centers, â˘and clients (e.g., Lighthouse, Prysm, Teku, Nimbus on Ethereum).
- Adopt DVT: Utilize Obol or â˘SSV-style setups to shardâ validator keys and tolerate ânode/operator failures without downtime.
- Publish verifiable reports: Monthly slashing/downtime summaries with on-chain âreferences; disclose â uptime %, â˘missed blocks, and MEV distribution policy.
- Formal SLAsâ and coverage: Document performance SLAs,â incident response timelines, and any slashing-loss coverage or insurance.
- Automated risk guards: Set exit/pausing âtriggers for operators breaching error-rateâ or âŁlatency thresholds; conduct chaos tests and client⢠diversity drills.
- Regulatory readiness: Maintain KYC/AML and reporting workflows appropriate to jurisdiction; clarify whether custodialâ products may orâ may not stake⣠underlying assets.
Q&A
Q: What â˘did Grayscale announce?
A:⢠Grayscale said it has selected Figment as â¤its staking infrastructure provider⤠to enable staking â¤in its Ethereum and Solana funds, introducing staking yields to U.S.-regulated⢠digital-asset products.
Q: Why âis this significant?
A: It marks a first for â˘U.S. regulatedâ crypto funds⢠to operationalize on-chain â˘staking rewards â¤at scale,possibly â˘boosting⤠net⤠returns⣠while keeping assets under qualified custody and within compliance frameworks.Q: Which⢠Grayscale products⤠are involved?
A: The â˘initiative covers Grayscale’s âEthereum and âSolana funds in âŁthe United States. Implementation will be phased and subject to the⢠specific terms, disclosures, and regulatory status of each vehicle.Q: Who is Figment?
A: Figment â¤is an institutional⢠staking provider thatâ operates validators â¤across major â¤proof-of-stake networks. It focuses âŁon enterprise-grade⣠uptime, security, andâ reporting for asset managers, custodians, and banks.Q: How will staking be implemented without compromising custody?
A: Assets remain with the funds’ qualified âŁcustodian. The âcustodian delegates stake to Figment-run validatorsâ using protocols that âseparate withdrawal/control⣠keys from validator operations, preserving custody and segregationâ of assets.Q: How are staking rewards handled?
A: Rewards are expected to accrue to the funds, net âof validator fees and expenses, and be â¤reflected in net⢠asset value.⣠Yields are âvariable, not guaranteed, and depend on network conditions and validator âŁperformance.
Q: Will âinvestors face⣠lockups or liquidity constraints?
A: Fund shares are intended to trade or be created/redeemed per their normal⢠mechanisms. however, network-level constraints âŁcan affect timing: Ethereum âvalidator exits are subject to a queue,⤠and Solana has epoch-based cooldowns. These factors may influence operational liquidity at the fund⢠level.
Q: What are the key risks?
A: – Slashing or downtime risk at the validator level
– Protocol changes or governance decisions that alter staking economics
– Regulatory âor tax changes
– MEV⤠and operational risks âon Ethereum
– âLiquidity and tracking-error risk if network constraints affect creations/redemptions
past performance of staking yields is not indicative of future results.
Q: Does the provider offer slashing protection?
A: Figment âŁadvertises â˘institutional-grade risk controls and, in some programs, slashingâ coverage. Any protections,â limits, â¤or exclusions will depend âon the specific agreement governing the funds and should be reviewed in official disclosures.
Q: Will management âŁfees change?
A: Grayscale’s âŁbase management fees are âseparate from staking operations. Validator fees are generally taken from gross rewards before they accrue â¤to the fund. Net yield willâ reflectâ both fees and operating performance.
Q: How will â¤compliance be maintained?
A: Staking will be conducted in⤠coordination with the âfunds’â custodian and administrator,â following documented policies on key management, validator selection, monitoring, and segregation of duties. The funds will avoid activities that could introduce governance or additional regulatory complexities.
Q:⢠How âdoes⣠this compareâ with internationalâ markets?
A: Europe has offered staked ETPs for some time. Grayscale’s move brings comparable functionality to U.S.-regulated products, potentially narrowingâ a competitive â¤gap⤠with European offerings.
Q: What does this mean for the broader ETF/ETP landscape?
A: If executed smoothly, it could set a precedent for integrating protocol-native yield into U.S. crypto funds,â intensifying competition âŁamong issuers and service providers while testing how regulators view staking within registered⣠products.
Q: What should investors watch next?
A: – Product-specific⣠filings and disclosures detailing staking mechanics, fees, âand risk controls
– âTimeline for phased activationâ across âthe funds
– Changes in NAV behavior⣠relative to â¤spot marketsâ as stakingâ rewards accrue
– any regulatory updates onâ staking within â˘U.S.⤠fund structures
Q: What about taxes?
A: Staking â¤rewards received by a fundâ may be treated as income at the fund level and reflected in investor⢠outcomes accordingly. Tax treatment can vary; investorsâ should consult a tax advisor and review fund tax disclosures.
Final âThoughts
Grayscale’s selection ofâ Figment to⢠support staking across its ethereum and Solana funds underscores how large issuers areâ trying to add yield âfeatures⢠while staying withinâ regulated, custodial frameworks. The move will be closely⢠watched as managers navigateâ validator âperformance, slashing risk controls, fee transparency, liquidity and redemption mechanics, and evolving U.S. guidance on âŁstaking âwithin investment products.
If successful, the⤠partnership â¤could set a template for howâ staking is⢠operationalized at scale in mainstream vehicles. For now,â investors and rivals alike will be tracking execution, rewards accrual, âand reporting âpracticesâ as staking moves âfurther â¤into the core of regulated digital-asset offerings.

